Harvard is a very popular style that is used in various disciplines, in fact, it’s one of the most common citation styles. Most often, Harvard is used in social sciences, humanities, and business.
Harvard style implies using two types of references: a specific section of references at the end of the paper, and in-text сitations that contain only certain information. Unlike in-text citations, a reference list provides all the necessary information about the used sources.
In the reference list, you need to sort all items alphabetically, starting from an author’s name. In case there are several works written by the same author, these items should be listed chronologically. You can cite any source directly (word for word) or indirectly, just referring to somebody’s ideas. When writing direct quotes, you also need to include page numbers. If you cannot provide page numbers, use a paragraph number. If both these options aren’t available, use abbreviations ‘n.pag.’ or ‘n.p.’ Here are examples of what direct and indirect citations look like:
- Direct: “My first burger was topped with onion and mayonnaise” (Belcher, 2006, p.9)
- Indirect: As Belcher (2006) writes in his book, his first burger was topped with onion.
Books
Citing books with one author, include the year of publication after the author’s name. If it’s not the first edition, you also need to include this information:
Belcher, B. (2001). A History of Cheeseburgers. New York: Tasty Publications.
Belcher, B. (2001). A History of Cheeseburgers. 3rd ed. New York: Tasty Publications.
If a book has two or three different authors, your citation will look as follows:
Belcher, B., Smith, S. and Griffin, P. (2016). Living in a small town. New York: Urban Publications.
If there are more than three authors, your in-text citation can contain only the first author’s name along with “et al.” abbreviation. However, you’ll need to list all authors in the reference list.
When you need to cite a particular chapter of a book, make sure your citation contains the page numbers. You also need to include the editor’s name:
Belcher, B. (2013). The best burgers and how to cook them. In: Smith, S., ed., Good Sandwich: A Guide. 1st ed. New York: Tasty Publications, 2013. pp. 56-78.
When referring to several books written by the same author in the same year, you cannot list them in a chronological order, so you need to use letters after the year of publication:
Brown, C. (2009). My Story. Quahog: Good Publications.
Brown, C. (2010). How I Wrote My Story. Quahog: Good Publications.
Brown, C. (2012a). My New Book. Quahog: Good Publications.
Brown, C. (21012b). How to Become a Productive Writer. Quahog: Good Publications.
Articles
Print journals:
Belcher, B. (2003). Unique Burgers and Toppings. Burger Weekly, Volume 6 (7), pp. 56-60.
Citations for articles accessed on the internet are similar, but here you need to include the access date and URL:
Belcher, B. (2003). Unique Burgers and Toppings. Burger Weekly, Volume 6 (7), pp. 56-60. Available at: http://burgerweekly.2003.06.007 [Accessed: 16 June 2018].
Citations for magazine articles and newspapers are somewhat similar to the previous example, but they also have some distinctive features:
Brown, C. (2017). How to be a good stepfather. Family Post, p.6.
Brown, C. (2017, September 12). How to be a good stepfather. Family Post, p.6. Available at: www.familypost.com/howtobeagoodstepfather2017 [Accessed: 15 May 2017]
Online Sources
When referring to a website, you need to include its authorship. It may be a specific author or an organization.
SuperBurger (2013). How to cook the biggest burger. [online]. (Last updated 20 September 2013). Available at: www.superburger.com/howtocookthebiggestburger [Accessed 18 June 2018].
You can also cite emails:
Smith, S. (2013). New business plan for our restaurant. [email]
Here’s what citations for social media look like:
Belcher, B. (2010) Burgers for kids. [Facebook]. Written 6 August 2010. Available from: www.facebook.com/burgersforkidsbybelcherbob2010 [Accessed 11 January 2017].
Images, Videos, Other Media Sources
Films/DVDs:
The World’s Most Beautiful Burgers. (2005). [Film] Directed by B. Belcher. UK: Sandwich Studios.
YouTube videos:
YummyBurgers. (2015). Avocado topping – the best recipe! [YouTube video] Available at: www.youtube.com/yummyavocadotoppingthebestrecipe [Accessed 18 June 2018].
Broadcasts:
Big Sandwiches: Cheeseburgers, episode 4. (2012). [Broadcast 2012]. BBC 1, first transmitted 30 June 2012, 17:00.
Images:
Smith, S. (2012). Sandwich with avocado topping. [Photograph]. (Document number 450, New York: Burger Photography Library).
Maps:
FastJogging maps. (2002). Map of Quahog. Local maps, sheet 3, scale 1:40000. Quahog: Local Publications.
Podcasts:
YummyBurgers. (2013). How to choose a right topping. [Podcast]. Transmitted 12 January 2011. Available at: www.bbcyummyburgers.com/choosearighttopping [Accessed: 13 June 2013].
Other Sources
Reports:
Stan Corporation. (2015). A report on sales. New York: Stan Publications.
Dissertations:
Belcher, B. (2009). An examination of burgers in American culture. Masters level. University of California.
Acts of parliament should include the chapter number:
Sandwich Act 2003 (c.4). London: Official Publications.
Government publications:
UK Government. (2007). Tea and Old People. London: Official Publications.
Interviews:
Belcher, B. and Smith, S. (2007) Discussing burgers.
Presentations and lectures:
Belcher, B. (2014). The benefits of cheese.
Music:
Simpson, H. (2017). My Donut. [CD Recording]. Springfield: Moe’s Music.
Dictionaries:
Smith. (2005). Smith’s modern dictionary. New York: Great Publications.
Software
BurgerRecipeGen. (2017). New York: Yummy Software.
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